computer_basics:operating_system_fundamentals
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computer_basics:operating_system_fundamentals [2013/02/19 23:08] – mithat | computer_basics:operating_system_fundamentals [2019/12/05 04:10] – mithat | ||
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Mithat Konar\\ | Mithat Konar\\ | ||
- | Feb. 19, 2012 | + | Dec. 4, 2019 |
===== The Operating System ===== | ===== The Operating System ===== | ||
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* Providing a user interface for communication | * Providing a user interface for communication | ||
- | ===== Function 1: Starting the computer ===== | + | ===== OS Function 1: Starting the computer ===== |
* OS's first job is to load itself into RAM | * OS's first job is to load itself into RAM | ||
- | * Called **booting** | + | * Called **booting**. |
- | ===== Function 1: Starting the computer ===== | + | ===== OS Function 1: Starting the computer ===== |
{{: | {{: | ||
Booting: six steps | Booting: six steps | ||
- | ===== Function | + | ===== Booting step 1: BIOS and EFI ===== |
- | * //**Booting Step 1**//: Load **BIOS (Basic Input/ | + | * Many computers use a **BIOS (Basic Input/ |
- | * BIOS allows computer to | + | * The first thing that is loaded |
- | * Accept keyboard input | + | * Manages some core hardware settings. |
- | * Show information on the monitor | + | * Handles the very first stages of the booting process. |
- | * BIOS is usually | + | * Usually |
- | ===== Function | + | ===== Booting part 1: BIOS and EFI ===== |
- | * //**Booting Step 2**//: Conduct the **power-on self-test (POST)** | + | |
- | * Confirms that both the computer and its peripheral devices are working properly. | + | |
- | ===== Function 1: Starting the computer ===== | + | |
- | | + | * ** UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)** is one example. |
- | * BIOS loads the **kernel** into memory. | + | * Like a mini OS. |
- | * kernel: the central part of the OS | + | * Does everything BIOS does. |
- | * The kernel is usually stored | + | * Lets user run small utility applications that run on the Extensible Firmware Interface. |
- | * The OS then loads remainder of what's needed. | + | * Considered more secure than traditional BIOS. |
- | ===== Function 1: Starting | + | ===== Booting step 2: Test the hardware |
- | * //**Booting Step 4**//: Check the system configuration | + | * Many BIOS/EFIs initiate a **power-on self-test (POST)** or similar test. |
- | * The OS checks the system configuration for **device drivers** | + | * Confirms |
- | * device driver: utility program | + | |
- | * The OS installs and loads the needed drivers. | + | |
- | ===== Function 1: Starting | + | ===== Booting step 3: Load the operating system |
- | * //**Booting Step 5**//: Load system utilities | + | * BIOS or EFI loads an OS' |
- | * Antivirus software | + | * kernel: the central part of the OS. |
- | * Speaker volume control | + | * Usually stored on main storage device. |
- | * Etc. | + | * The OS then loads remainder of what's needed. |
- | ===== Function 1: Starting | + | ===== Booting step 4: Check the system configuration |
- | * //**Booting Step 6**//: Authenticate users | + | * The OS checks the system configuration for **device drivers**. |
- | * If necessary, facilitate authentication/ | + | * device driver: utility program that enables communication between the OS and a peripheral device. |
+ | * The OS installs | ||
- | ===== Function 2: Managing applications ===== | + | ===== Booting step 5: Load system utilities ===== |
+ | * Antivirus software | ||
+ | * Speaker volume control | ||
+ | * Etc. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Booting step 6/: Authenticate user ===== | ||
+ | * Facilitate user authentication/ | ||
+ | * Typically a user name and password or fingerprint scan or special code. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== OS Function 2: Managing applications ===== | ||
* **Multitasking** operating systems permit more than one application to run at the same time. | * **Multitasking** operating systems permit more than one application to run at the same time. | ||
* The **foreground application** is the active one. | * The **foreground application** is the active one. | ||
* The **background applications** appear inactive. | * The **background applications** appear inactive. | ||
- | ===== Function 3: Managing memory ===== | + | ===== OS Function 3: Managing memory ===== |
* The OS | * The OS | ||
* gives each program a portion of RAM memory. | * gives each program a portion of RAM memory. | ||
* keeps them from interfering with each other. | * keeps them from interfering with each other. | ||
- | * OS processes often involve using a **buffer** | ||
- | * An area that holds data temporarily to make programs run faster | ||
- | * RAM memory functions as the buffer. | ||
- | ===== Function 3: Managing memory ===== | + | ===== OS Function 3: Managing memory ===== |
- | * RAM is organized into **pages**: units of large fixed size containing program instructions and data. | + | * RAM is organized into **pages**: units of large fixed size. |
* **Virtual memory** uses a portion of the hard disk to extend RAM. | * **Virtual memory** uses a portion of the hard disk to extend RAM. | ||
- | * When RAM is full, copies | + | * When RAM is full, the contents |
+ | * When the page is again needed, it is transferred back into RAM. | ||
* Transferring files between RAM and the hard disk is called **paging**. | * Transferring files between RAM and the hard disk is called **paging**. | ||
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{{: | {{: | ||
- | ===== Function 3: Managing memory ===== | + | ===== OS Function 3: Managing memory ===== |
* Adding more RAM is often a good way to improve computer performance because: | * Adding more RAM is often a good way to improve computer performance because: | ||
* Paging slows the computer | * Paging slows the computer | ||
* Accessing data from the hard disk is slower than accessing it from RAM | * Accessing data from the hard disk is slower than accessing it from RAM | ||
- | ===== Function 4: Handling input and output ===== | + | ===== OS Function 4: Handling input and output ===== |
* Applications access input and output devices via the OS. | * Applications access input and output devices via the OS. | ||
* Device drivers enable communication between the OS and input and output (and other) devices. | * Device drivers enable communication between the OS and input and output (and other) devices. | ||
- | ===== Function 5: Providing the user interface ===== | + | ===== OS Function 5: Provide a user interface ===== |
* The **user interface** allows the user to: | * The **user interface** allows the user to: | ||
* Start application programs | * Start application programs | ||
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a) graphical, b) menu-driven, | a) graphical, b) menu-driven, | ||
- | ===== Function 5: Providing | + | ===== OS Function 5: Provide |
* Types of user interfaces: | * Types of user interfaces: | ||
* **graphical user interface (GUI)** uses **icons** and other visual metaphors. | * **graphical user interface (GUI)** uses **icons** and other visual metaphors. |
computer_basics/operating_system_fundamentals.txt · Last modified: 2019/12/06 05:11 by mithat